⛪ Saint of the Day : February 28
⛪ Other Names :
• Augustus Chapdelaine
• Father Ma
• Papa Chapdelaine
⛪ Memorial :
28 September as one of the Martyrs of China
⛪ Born :
6 January 1814 at La Rochelle-Normande, France
⛪ Died :
beheaded on 29 February 1856 in Su-Lik-Hien,
Kwang-Si province, China
⛪ Canonized :
1 October 2000 by Pope John Paul II
Father Auguste Chapdelaine, Chinese name Ma Lai (6 February 1814 – 29 February 1856) was a French Christian missionary of the Paris Foreign Missions Society.
Chapdelaine was born on a farm in La Rochelle-Normande, France. By the age of twenty, he had entered the seminary at Coutances. He was ordained a priest in 1843 and in 1851 joined the Institute of Foreign Missions in Paris. He left from Antwerp in April 1852 to join the Catholic mission in the Guangxi province of China. The Taiping Rebellion led to suspicion of Christians and foreigners were forbidden to enter the area.
After a stay in Guangzhou, he moved to Guiyang, capital of the Guizhou province, in the spring of 1854. In December, he went, together with Lu Tingmei, to Yaoshan village, Xilin County of Guangxi, where he met the local Catholic community of around 300 people. He celebrated his first mass there on 8 December 1854. He was arrested and thrown into the Xilin county prison ten days after his arrival, and was released after sixteen or eighteen days of captivity.
Following personal threats, he went back to Guizhou in early 1855, and came back to Guangxi in December of the same year. He was denounced on February 22, 1856, by Bai San, a relative of a new convert, while the local tribunal was on holiday. He was arrested in Yaoshan, together with other Chinese Catholics, by orders of Zhang Mingfeng, the new local mandarin on 25 February 1856. Chapdelaine was accused of stirring up insurrection, and refused to pay a bribe. Condemned to decapitation, he was severely beaten and locked into a small iron cage, which was hung at the gate of the jail. He had already died when he was decapitated. His head was hung from a tree.
His death was reported by the head of the French missions in Hong Kong on 12 July. The chargΓ© d'affaires, de Courcy, in Macao learned of the murder on 17 July, and filed a vigorous protest on 25 July to the Chinese Imperial Viceroy Ye Mingchen.
La captivitΓ© de M. Chapdelaine, les tortures qu'il a subies, sa mort cruelle, les violences qu'on a faites Γ son cadavre, constituent, noble Commissaire ImpΓ©rial, une flagrante et odieuse violation des engagements solennels qu'il a consacrΓ©s. Votre Gouvernement doit donc une Γ©clatante rΓ©paration Γ la France . Vous n'hΓ©siterez pas Γ me l'accorder pleine et entiΓ¨re. C'est Γ V. E. qu'il appartient naturellement d'en proposer les termes; j'aurai Γ dΓ©cider ensuite si l'honneur, la dignitΓ© et les interΓͺts du Gouvernement de mon grand Empereur me permettent de les accepter. Mon dΓ©sir serait d'ailleurs de me rendre Γ Canton et d'en confΓ©rer de vive voix avec V. E. Elle n'ignore pas qu'une heure de conversations amicales avance plus quelquefois la solution des affaires importantes qu'un mois de correspondances Γ©crites
On 30 July, he sent a report to the French foreign office of the murder: "Si, en un mot, le ReprΓ©sentant de S. M. ImpΓ©riale ne manquerait pas Γ ses devoirs en ne profitant pas de l'occasion qui lui est offerte, pour rΓ©parer d'un seul coup, les erreurs ou les fautes du passΓ©, et pour faire sortir du martyre d'un missionnaire le complet affranchissement du Christianisme."
The viceroy responded to de Courcy by pointing out that Father Chapdelaine had already violated Chinese law by preaching Christianity in the interior (the 1844 treaty signed with France only permitted for the propagation of Christianity in the 5 treaty ports opened to the French), he also claimed that the priest was in a rebel territory and that many of his converts had already been arrested for acts of treason, and the viceroy further claimed that Father Chapdelaine's mission had nothing in common with the propagation of religion.
Under French diplomatic pressure, the mandarin who ordered his death was later demoted. When Britain went to war with China in the same year (commencing the Second Opium War (1856–60), France initially declared its neutrality but de Courcy made it known that French sympathy was with the English due to the Chapdelaine incident.
In 1857, de Bourboulon, the French plenipotentiary arrived in Hong Kong and attempted to negotiate reparations for the murder of Father Chapdelaine and to revise the treaty. He failed to reach an agreement with Yeh.
Talks continued into December of that year. Viceroy Yeh on 14 December stated that he had received a report that the person who was killed was a member of the Triad society with a similar Chinese name to Father Chapdelaine was executed as a rebel in March, and that this was not the same person as Father Chapdelaine. He also complained that in the past many French citizens had gone into the interior to preach, and he cited the case of six missionaries who had been arrested and were handed over to French custody. The French embassy found Yeh's reply to be evasive, derisory and a formal refusal of French demands. French military action began soon afterwards.
According to historian Anthony Clark, "there is no doubt Chapdelaine's death was exploited for imperialist gain". The French empire had many times suffered the death of missionaries for which no military vengeance occurred. The political situation wherein Britain's victory was seen as inevitable and the French desire to make its own imperial gains in China, alongside the fact that the French did not have a policy elsewhere of punitive military expeditions to avenge the death of missionaries, has led many historians to conclude that the death of Father Chapdelaine was merely an excuse used in order to declare war so that France could build its empire.
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| Martyrdom of Auguste Chapdelaine. |
Chapdelaine was beatified in 1900. He was canonized on 1 October 2000, by Pope John Paul II, together with 120 Christian martyrs who had died in China between the 17th and 20th century.
